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in category Other Beliefs

Are there any scholars who elaborated on what Muslims should believe as part of their creed (aqeeda)?

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The great scholar Abu Ja'far At-Tahawi, may Allah have mercy on him, said:

هذا ذكر بيان عقيدة أهل السنة والجماعة على مذهب فقهاء الملة أبي حنيفة النعمان بن ثابت الكوفي وأبي يوسف يعقوب بن إبراهيم الأنصاري وأبي عبدالله محمد بن الحسن الشيباني رضوان الله عليهم أجمعين وما يعتقدون من أصول الدين ويدينون به رب العالمين‏
This is a presentation of the beliefs of Ahl us-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah, according to the school of the jurists of this religion, Abu Hanifa An-Nu'man ibn Thabit Al-Kufi, Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Ibrahim Al-Ansari and Abu Abdullah Muhammed ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani, may Allah be pleased with them all and what they believe regarding the fundamentals of the religion and their faith in the Lord of all the worlds

نَقُولُ فِي تَوْحِيدِ اللَّهِ مُعْتَقِدِينَ بِتَوْفِيقِ اللَّهِ إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَاحِدٌ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ
We say about the unity of Allah believing with the help of Allah - that Allah is one, without any partners.

وَلَاشَيْءَ مِثْلُهُ
There is nothing like Him.

وَلَا شَيْءَ يُعْجِزُهُ
There is nothing that can overwhelm Him.

وَلَا إِلَهَ غَيْرُهُ
There is no god other than Him

قَدِيمٌ بِلَا ابْتِدَاءٍ دَائِمٌ بِلَا انْتِهَاءٍ
He is Eternal without a beginning and enduring without end.

لا يَفْنَى وَلا يَبِيدُ
He will never perish or come to an end.
وَلَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا مَا يُرِيدُ
Nothing happens except what He wills.

لَا تَبْلُغُهُ الْأَوْهَامُ وَلَا تُدْرِكُهُ الْأَفْهَامُ
No imagination can conceive of Him and no understanding can comprehend Him.
وَلَا يُشْبِهُهُ الْأَنَامُ
He is different from any created being.

حَيٌّ لَا يَمُوتُ قَيُّومٌ لَا يَنَامُ

He is living and He never dies and He is forever sustaining and He never sleeps.

خَالِقٌ بِلَا حَاجَةٍ رَازِقٌ بِلَا مُؤُونَةٍ

He creates without needing to create and He provides for His creation without any effort.

مُمِيتٌ بِلَا مَخَافَةٍ بَاعِثٌ بِلَا مَشَقَّةٍ

He causes death with no fear and restores to life without difficulty.

مَا زَالَ بِصِفَاتِهِ قَدِيمًا قَبْلَ خَلْقِهِ لَمْ يَزْدَدْ بِكَوْنِهِمْ شَيْئًا لَمْ يَكُنْ قَبْلَهُمْ مِنْ صِفَتِهِ وَكَمَا كَانَ بِصِفَاتِهِ أَزَلِيًّا كَذَلِكَ لَا يَزَالُ عَلَيْهَا أَبَدِيًّا

He has always existed together with His attributes since before creation. Bringing creation into existence did not add anything to His attributes that was not already there. As He was together with His attributes before time, so He will remain forever.

لَيْسَ مُنْذُ خَلَقَ الْخَلْقَ اسْتَفَادَ اسْمَ الْخَالِقِ وَلَا بِإِحْدَاثِهِ الْبَرِيَّةَ اسْتَفَادَ اسْمَ الْبَارِي

It was not only after the act of creation that He could be described as the Creator, nor was it only by the act of origination that He could he described as the Originator.

لَهُ مَعْنَى الرُّبُوبِيَّةِ وَلَا مَرْبُوبَ وَمَعْنَى الْخَالِقِ وَلَا مَخْلُوقَ

He was the Lord even when there were no servants and He was the Creator even when there was no creation.

وَكَمَا أَنَّهُ مُحْيِي الْمَوْتَى بَعْدَ مَا أَحْيَا اسْتَحَقَّ هَذَا الِاسْمَ قَبْلَ إِحْيَائِهِمْ كَذَلِكَ اسْتَحَقَّ اسْمَ الْخَالِقِ قَبْلَ إِنْشَائِهِمْ

Just as He gives life to the dead, He deserves this name even before He gave life. Likewise, He deserves the name "the Creator" even before He made them.

ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُ عَلَى كُلِّ شَيْءٍ قَدِيرٌ وَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ إِلَيْهِ فَقِيرٌ وَكُلُّ أَمْرٍ عَلَيْهِ يَسِيرٌ لَا يَحْتَاجُ إِلَى شَيْءٍ لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ وَهُوَ السَّمِيعُ الْبَصِيرُ

This is because He has the power to do everything, everything is dependent upon Him, everything is easy for Him and He does not need anything, as Allah said: There is nothing like Him and He is the Hearing, the Seeing. (42:11)

خَلَقَ الْخَلْقَ بِعِلْمِهِ‏‏

He created the creation with His knowledge.

وَقَدَّرَ لَهُمْ أَقْدَارًا

He appointed destinies for those He created.

وَضَرَبَ لَهُمْ آجَالًا

He granted them fixed life spans.

وَلَمْ يَخْفَ عَلَيْهِ شَيْءٌ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَهُمْ وَعَلِمَ مَا هُمْ عَامِلُونَ قَبْلَ أَنْ يَخْلُقَهُمْ

Nothing about them was hidden from Him before He created them and He knew everything that they would do before He created them.

وَأَمَرَهُمْ بِطَاعَتِهِ وَنَهَاهُمْ عَنْ مَعْصِيَتِهِ

He ordered them to obey Him and forbade them to disobey Him.

وَكُلُّ شَيْءٍ يَجْرِي بِتَقْدِيرِهِ وَمَشِيئَتِهِ وَمَشِيئَتُهُ تَنْفُذُ لَا مَشِيئَةَ لِلْعِبَادِ إِلَّا مَا شَاءَ لَهُمْ فَمَا شَاءَ لَهُمْ كَانَ وَمَا لَمْ يَشَأْ لَمْ يَكُنْ

Everything happens according to His decree and will and His will is always accomplished. The only will that people have is what He wills for them. What He wills for them occurs and what He does not will does not occur.

يَهْدِي مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَيَعْصِمُ وَيُعَافِي فَضْلًا وَيُضِلُّ مَنْ يَشَاءُ وَيَخْذُلُ وَيَبْتَلِي عَدْلًا

He gives guidance to whoever He wills and He protects them and keeps them safe from harm out of His generosity and He leads astray whoever He wills and He humiliates them and He afflicts them out of His justice.

وَكُلُّهُمْ يَتَقَلَّبُونَ فِي مَشِيئَتِهِ بَيْنَ فَضْلِهِ وَعَدْلِهِ

All of them are subject to His will between either His generosity or His justice.

وَهُوَ مُتَعَالٍ عَنِ الْأَضْدَادِ وَالْأَنْدَادِ

He is exalted beyond having opposites or equals.

لَا رَادَّ لِقَضَائِهِ وَلَا مُعَقِّبَ لِحُكْمِهِ وَلَا غَالِبَ لِأَمْرِهِ

No one can ward off His decree or put back His command or overpower His affairs.

آمَنَّا بِذَلِكَ كُلِّهِ وَأَيْقَنَّا أَنَّ كُلًّا مِنْ عِنْدِهِ

We believe in all of this and are certain that everything comes from Him.

وَإِنَّ مُحَمَّدًا عَبْدُهُ الْمُصْطَفَى وَنَبِيُّهُ الْمُجْتَبَى وَرَسُولُهُ الْمُرْتَضَى

We are certain that Muhammed, peace and blessings be upon him, is His chosen servant and selected Prophet and His Messenger with whom He is well pleased.

وَأَنَّهُ خَاتَمُ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ وَإِمَامُ الْأَتْقِيَاءِ وَسَيِّدُ الْمُرْسَلِينَ وَحَبِيبُ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ

He is the seal of the prophets and the leader of the Godfearing and the chief of the Messengers and the beloved of the Lord of worlds.

وَكُلُّ دَعْوَى النُّبُوَّةِ بَعْدَهُ فَغَيٌّ وَهَوًى

Every claim to prophecy after Him is falsehood and deceit.

وَهُوَ الْمَبْعُوثُ إِلَى عَامَّةِ الْجِنِّ وَكَافَّةِ الْوَرَى بِالْحَقِّ وَالْهُدَى وَبِالنُّورِ وَالضِّيَاءِ

He is the one who has been sent to all the jinn and humanity with truth and guidance and with light and illumination.

وَإِنَّ الْقُرْآنَ كَلَامُ اللَّهِ مِنْهُ بَدَا بِلَا كَيْفِيَّةٍ قَوْلًا وَأَنْزَلَهُ عَلَى رَسُولِهِ وَحْيًا وَصَدَّقَهُ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ حَقًّا وَأَيْقَنُوا أَنَّهُ كَلَامُ اللَّهِ تَعَالَى بِالْحَقِيقَةِ لَيْسَ بِمَخْلُوقٍ كَكَلَامِ الْبَرِيَّةِ . فَمَنْ سَمِعَهُ فَزَعَمَ أَنَّهُ كَلَامُ الْبَشَرِ فَقَدْ كَفَرَ وَقَدْ ذَمَّهُ اللَّهُ وَعَابَهُ وَأَوْعَدَهُ بِسَقَرَ حَيْثُ قَالَ تَعَالَى سَأُصْلِيهِ سَقَرَ فَلَمَّا أَوْعَدَ اللَّهُ بِسَقَرَ لِمَنْ قَالَ إِنْ هَذَا إِلَّا قَوْلُ الْبَشَرِ عَلِمْنَا وَأَيْقَنَّا أَنَّهُ قَوْلُ خَالِقِ الْبَشَرِ وَلَا يُشْبِهُ قَوْلَ الْبَشَرِ

The Qur'an is the word of Allah. It came from Him as speech without it being possible to say how He speaks. He sent it down on His Messenger as revelation. The believers accept it as the truth. They are certain that it is the word of Allah in truth. It is not created as is the speech of human beings and anyone who hears it and claims that it is human speech has become an unbeliever. Allah warns him and censures him and threatens him with Hellfire when the Exalted said: I will burn him in the Fire (74:26).When Allah threatens with the Hellfire those who said: This is only human speech (74:25), we know for certain that it is the speech of the Creator of humanity and that it is completely unlike the speech of humanity.

وَمَنْ وَصَفَ اللَّهَ بِمَعْنًى مِنْ مَعَانِي الْبَشَرِ فَقَدْ كَفَرَ مَنْ أَبْصَرَ هَذَا اعْتَبَرَ وَعَنْ مِثْلِ قَوْلِ الْكُفَّارِ انْزَجَرَ وَعَلِمَ أَنَّ اللَّهَ بِصِفَاتِهِ لَيْسَ كَالْبَشَرِ

Anyone who describes Allah as being the same as a human being has become an unbeliever. All those who grasp this will take heed and refrain from saying things such as the unbelievers say and they will know that He, in His attributes, is not like human beings.

وَالرُّؤْيَةُ حَقٌّ لِأَهْلِ الْجَنَّةِ بِغَيْرِ إِحَاطَةٍ وَلَا كَيْفِيَّةٍ كَمَا نَطَقَ بِهِ كِتَابُ رَبِّنَا وُجُوهٌ يَوْمَئِذٍ نَاضِرَةٌ إِلَى رَبِّهَا نَاظِرَةٌ وَتَفْسِيرُهُ عَلَى مَا أَرَادَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى وَعَلِمَهُ وَكُلُّ مَا جَاءَ فِي ذَلِكَ مِنَ الْحَدِيثِ الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَهُوَ كَمَا قَالَ وَمَعْنَاهُ عَلَى مَا أَرَادَ لَا نَدْخُلُ فِي ذَلِكَ مُتَأَوِّلِينَ بِآرَائِنَا وَلَا مُتَوَهِّمِينَ بِأَهْوَائِنَا فَإِنَّهُ مَا سَلِمَ فِي دِينِهِ إِلَّا مَنْ سَلَّمَ لِلَّهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ وَلِرَسُولِهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَرَدَّ عِلْمَ مَا اشْتَبَهَ عَلَيْهِ إِلَى عَالِمِهِ

The vision of Allah by the people of the Paradise is true, without their vision being all-encompassing and without the manner of their vision being known. As the Book of our Lord has expressed it: Faces on that Day will be radiant, looking at their Lord (75:22-3). The explanation of this is as Allah knows and intended. Everything that has been authentically narrated to us from the Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him, about this is as he said and it means what he intended. We do not delve into it, trying to interpret it according to our own opinions or letting our imaginations have free rein. No one is safe in his religion unless he surrenders himself completely to Allah the Exalted and to His Messenger and leaves the knowledge of things that are ambiguous to the One who knows them.

وَلَا تَثْبُتُ قَدَمُ الْإِسْلَامِ إِلَّا عَلَى ظَهْرِ التَّسْلِيمِ وَالْاسْتِسْلَامِ

A person's Islam is not secure unless it is based on surrender and submission.

فَمَنْ رَامَ عِلْمَ مَا حُظِرَ عَنْهُ عِلْمُهُ وَلَمْ يَقْنَعْ بِالتَّسْلِيمِ فَهْمُهُ حَجَبَهُ مَرَامُهُ عَنْ خَالِصِ التَّوْحِيدِ وَصَافِي الْمَعْرِفَةِ وَصَحِيحِ الْإِيمَانِ

Anyone who desires to know things which are beyond his capacity to know and whose intellect is not content with surrender, he will find that his desires veil him from a pure understanding of the unity of Allah, clear knowledge and correct faith.

فَيَتَذَبْذَبُ بَيْنَ الْكُفْرِ وَالْإِيمَانِ وَالتَّصْدِيقِ وَالتَّكْذِيبِ وَالْإِقْرَارِ وَالْإِنْكَارِ مُوَسْوِسًا تَائِهًا شَاكًّا زَائِغًا لَا مُؤْمِنًا مُصَدِّقًا وَلَا جَاحِدًا مُكَذِّبًا

He will veer between unbelief and belief, confirmation and denial, acceptance and rejection.


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