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in category Mughals

Was the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb anti-Hindu?

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In a Nutshell:

No, the Mughal Ruler Aurangzeb was known for his tolerance of Hindus. British propaganda to justify their colonialism created propaganda against the Mughals, distorting and muddying history.

Introduction

The historical narrative surrounding Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor, has often been charged with claims of his anti-Hindu stance. However, a closer examination of historical records and accounts suggests a more nuanced understanding of his reign. This article presents four key reasons that challenge the perception of Aurangzeb as an anti-Hindu ruler.

1. Hindu Representation in Aurangzeb's Administration

Contrary to the claim of anti-Hindu sentiment, Hindus held significant positions in Aurangzeb's administration. Under his reign, the percentage of Hindu nobles rose to over 31%, compared to 22%Mughal during Akbar's time. Notable Hindu officials like Jaswant Singh, Raja Rajrup, Kabir Singh, and others held high administrative roles. Even the army under Aurangzeb had a substantial Hindu presence, including a Hindu commander-in-chief. Historian Shri Sharma notes that Aurangzeb's court had 148 Hindu high officials, a stark contrast to Akbar’s court, which had only 14.

2. Protection of Hindu Rights and Traditions

Aurangzeb issued firmans (royal edicts) that demonstrated his consideration for Hindu rights. In a firman dating back to 1659 addressed to Mughal officials in Banaras, he instructed them to ensure that Brahmins and other Hindus were not unlawfully disturbed, emphasizing their significance in praying for the empire's continuance.

3. Temple Endowments and Political Motives in Temple Destruction

While Aurangzeb did destroy certain temples, these acts were often driven by political rather than theological motives. Notably, he did not destroy temples in regions like Gujarat or the Deccan during his campaign against Shivaji. Moreover, Aurangzeb made tax-free grants to numerous Hindu temples in places like Banaras, Chitrakoot, Allahabad, and Gauhati. He is also credited with building more temples than he damaged and praised the Hindu temples of Allora as ‘crafted marvels’ of God.

4. Jizya Taxation and Exemptions

The imposition of jizya (tax on non-Muslims) by Aurangzeb is frequently cited as evidence of his anti-Hindu stance. However, this tax was levied only on able-bodied Hindus who did not volunteer in the state army, with exemptions for Brahmins, the disabled, seniors, women, minors, and the poor. Notably, historian Sri Jagunath Sarkar points out that the per capita tax collection from Muslims in the form of sadaqah, fitrah, khums, zakat, ushr, etc., was several times that of Hindus.

Aurangzeb’s Underrecognized Contributions

Aurangzeb's contributions that are often overlooked in history include outlawing satti (widow immolation) in 1666, maintaining a rich and prosperous India, and his personal piety. He is known for his disciplined adherence to prayer, even during wars, and for leading a life simpler than his servants, despite the surrounding pomp and wealth.

Conclusion

The portrayal of Aurangzeb as an anti-Hindu ruler requires reconsideration in light of historical evidence. His administrative policies, protection of Hindu rights, support for temples, and equitable taxation policies paint a picture of a ruler who was more complex and balanced in his approach towards different religious communities than is often acknowledged.

FAQs

Q: Did Aurangzeb employ Hindus in his administration?
A: Yes, Aurangzeb employed a significant number of Hindus in his administration, with over 31% of his nobles being Hindus, higher than during any other Muslim emperor's reign.

Q: What was Aurangzeb's stance on temple destruction?
A: Aurangzeb's destruction of certain temples was primarily for political reasons. He also made tax-free grants to many Hindu temples and is credited with building more temples than he destroyed.

Q: How did Aurangzeb handle the jizya tax?
A: Aurangzeb imposed jizya on able-bodied Hindus not serving in the army, with exemptions for several groups including Brahmins, the disabled, seniors, women, minors, and the poor.

References

1. Sharma, Shri. [Specific details of Sharma's work on Aurangzeb's court].
2. Sarkar, Sri Jagunath. [Specific details of Sarkar's work on Aurangzeb’s taxation policies].
3. [Additional scholarly articles and historical sources that discuss Aurangzeb’s reign and policies].


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