Does Islam permit Sultans?

Islam not only permits Sultans, Imams or Caliphs, it obliges Muslims to appoint them to mange their collective affairs.

The term Sultan has been used interchangeably with Imams and Caliphs.

Many traditions use the term Sultan. Some examples are listed below:

إن السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض يأوي إليه كلمظلوم من عباده فإن عدل كان له الأجر وعلى الرعية الشكر وإذا جار كان عليه الإصر وعلى الرعية الصبر وإذا جارت الولاة قحطت السماء وإذا منعت الزكاة هلكت المواشي وإذا ظهر الزنا ظهرت الفتن والمسكنة وإذا أخفرت الذمة أديل الكفار

“The Sultan is the shade of God on the earth where all who are oppressed seek shelter…” (Ibn Adi, al-Kamil fi’l-Du afa’, 4:402)

السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض يأوي إليه كل ضعيفوملهوف…

“The Sultan is the shade of God on the earth where all the weak and oppressed take shelter…” (Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmu al-Fatawa, 35:45)

عن أنس : السلطانظل الله…

“From Anas [ra] that: ‘the Sultan is the Shade of God’…” (Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, 7:245)

السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض…

“The Sultan is the shade of God in the earth…” (Muhammad al-Ghazzi, Itqan ma Yuhsinu min al-Akhbar, 1:298)

إنما السلطانظل اللهورمحه في الأرض…

“Indeed, the Sultan is the shade of God o the earth…” (al-Zarqani, Mukhtasar al-Maqasid, p.187)

السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض فمن أكرمه أكرم الله و من أهانه أهانه الله…

“The Sultan is the shade of God on earth. Whoever honours him, honours God and whoever shows enmity against him, shows enmity against God…” (al-Albani, Kitab al-Sunnah)

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Islam is religion of peace. Islam has nothing to do with way of government or its shape and style. Islam doesn't say at all that Muslims should have a Sultan or a democratically elected Prime Minister. Islam preaches discipline.   In ancient times, the head of government was called by the name of Khalifa, Shah or Sultan. Nomination of Khalifa or Sultan was carried out by way of Bayait. Bayait was an oath of loyalty and faithfulness towards Khalifa or Sultan. Generally head of tribes swore oath of alligence towards Khalifa or Sultan. Now a days it is equal to vote of confidence. You may equate Bayait with Vote. If we deeply analyse the Bayait system, we come to know that Head of tribes were also nominated by Bayait of members of that Clan or Tribe. In this way almost there is no difference in present day's democracy and medieval Khalafat or  Sultnate.   Recently we have no objection if son of J W Bush is elected. We don't call it dynasty.   So Islam is very flexible religion. An Islamic  country may be democratic or otherwise. However, one thing is much clear in Islam that is called obedience. Islam commands that if you have made Bayait to someone then you must fulfil and obey the same. Non-fulfilment of a Promise is serious sin in Islam. Therefore, for two reasons Islam says to obey your Commanders; first is promise and second is discipline.   On the other Islam is also very flexible about Bayait. Islam doesn't force for blind Bayait. If a person doesn't want to do Bayait he has a right to do it.   One more important thing needs explanation here; according to Islamic principles, a Muslim is residing in Non Muslim country he is duty bound to obey the laws of that country. If he doesn't follow and obey the laws  of that country he is committing sin of violating Promises made in visa applications.  A Muslim living in Saudi Arabia is as equal as a Muslim living in Turkey. It has nothing to do with practice of Islam.
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أ don't think quora a good place to know about Islamic religion because all the answers are from people who don't know a worthy amount of information about their religion .

If you want truly information you could watch a tv channel called iqraa or call them or read books for Islamic men's like Mohamed Metwaly Al Shaarawy or Al Imam Al Ghazaly.

Most of Muslims in middle east don't know so much about Islam and that's all was because of who govern .

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