Islam not only permits Sultans, Imams or Caliphs, it obliges Muslims to appoint them to mange their collective affairs.
The term Sultan has been used interchangeably with Imams and Caliphs.
Many traditions use the term Sultan. Some examples are listed below:
إن السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض يأوي إليه كلمظلوم من عباده فإن عدل كان له الأجر وعلى الرعية الشكر وإذا جار كان عليه الإصر وعلى الرعية الصبر وإذا جارت الولاة قحطت السماء وإذا منعت الزكاة هلكت المواشي وإذا ظهر الزنا ظهرت الفتن والمسكنة وإذا أخفرت الذمة أديل الكفار
“The Sultan is the shade of God on the earth where all who are oppressed seek shelter…” (Ibn Adi, al-Kamil fi’l-Du afa’, 4:402)
السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض يأوي إليه كل ضعيفوملهوف…
“The Sultan is the shade of God on the earth where all the weak and oppressed take shelter…” (Ibn Taymiyyah, Majmu al-Fatawa, 35:45)
عن أنس : السلطانظل الله…
“From Anas [ra] that: ‘the Sultan is the Shade of God’…” (Ibn Hajar, Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, 7:245)
السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض…
“The Sultan is the shade of God in the earth…” (Muhammad al-Ghazzi, Itqan ma Yuhsinu min al-Akhbar, 1:298)
إنما السلطانظل اللهورمحه في الأرض…
“Indeed, the Sultan is the shade of God o the earth…” (al-Zarqani, Mukhtasar al-Maqasid, p.187)
السلطانظل اللهفي الأرض فمن أكرمه أكرم الله و من أهانه أهانه الله…
“The Sultan is the shade of God on earth. Whoever honours him, honours God and whoever shows enmity against him, shows enmity against God…” (al-Albani, Kitab al-Sunnah)
أ don't think quora a good place to know about Islamic religion because all the answers are from people who don't know a worthy amount of information about their religion .
If you want truly information you could watch a tv channel called iqraa or call them or read books for Islamic men's like Mohamed Metwaly Al Shaarawy or Al Imam Al Ghazaly.
Most of Muslims in middle east don't know so much about Islam and that's all was because of who govern .
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